Typhoid fever symptoms and prevention: 7 early warning signs you should never ignore

Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, commonly spread through contaminated food or water. It remains a major health concern in many regions, particularly during seasonal changes when hygiene standards may slip. Once inside the body, the bacteria multiply rapidly, affecting the intestines, liver, and bloodstream. Early detection plays a crucial role in preventing complications such as intestinal bleeding or prolonged illness. However, because its symptoms often resemble those of common viral infections, typhoid can easily go unnoticed in the initial stages. Recognising early warning signs like persistent fever, headache, fatigue, and abdominal pain can help ensure timely treatment. Understanding these subtle yet telling symptoms not only protects your health but also prevents the infection from spreading to others.


7 warning signs of typhoid you should watch for

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), typhoid fever commonly presents with symptoms such as prolonged high fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and digestive disturbances like diarrhoea or constipation, often spreading through contaminated food or water. Typhoid symptoms typically appear one to two weeks after infection. While some may start mildly, they can progress quickly if ignored. Here are seven key signs to watch out for:



Persistent high fever

A continuous, high-grade fever is one of the earliest and most recognisable signs of typhoid. It often begins with a mild temperature that rises steadily over several days, sometimes reaching as high as 104°F (40°C). This is the body’s natural response to infection, as it raises the temperature to fight the invading bacteria. The fever may also be accompanied by chills, sweating, and fatigue. However, since not all fevers are caused by typhoid, it’s essential to consult a doctor if the fever lasts more than three days or does not respond to common fever medication.

Headache

A dull, lingering headache often appears alongside fever in typhoid patients. The infection spreads through the bloodstream, affecting vital organs and triggering inflammation that causes pressure and discomfort in the head.

While headaches can have many everyday causes, such as dehydration, stress, or sinus issues, a persistent headache that occurs with high fever or fatigue could indicate a systemic infection like typhoid and should be medically evaluated.

Loss of appetite

Loss of appetite is another early and common symptom of typhoid fever. The Salmonella Typhi bacteria target the digestive organs, including the liver, gallbladder, and intestines, disrupting normal digestion and reducing hunger signals.

Patients often feel full after eating very little or lose interest in food altogether. This lack of appetite can quickly lead to weakness and weight loss, especially if the infection remains untreated. Consuming small, nutrient-rich meals and staying hydrated can help support recovery.


Fatigue and weakness

As the body’s immune system works hard to fight the bacterial infection, energy levels drop significantly. People with typhoid often feel constant fatigue, dizziness, or a lack of strength, even when resting.

This persistent tiredness can affect daily activities and concentration, lasting for several weeks even after the fever subsides. Rest, hydration, and medical care are crucial for regaining energy and preventing relapse.


Diarrhoea or vomiting

When Salmonella Typhi infects the intestinal lining, it often triggers nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea. Some patients may experience loose stools, while others develop constipation, both signs of digestive disruption.

Frequent vomiting or diarrhoea can lead to dehydration, which worsens symptoms like weakness and dizziness. Drinking plenty of clean fluids, oral rehydration solutions, or soups helps replace lost electrolytes. If vomiting or diarrhoea persists, medical treatment is necessary to prevent complications.


Abdominal pain

Abdominal discomfort or pain is a typical sign that the infection has spread to the gut. The pain may start as mild cramps but can become sharp and persistent as inflammation increases.

This occurs because the bacteria irritate the intestinal walls, leading to swelling and tenderness in the abdomen. If abdominal pain continues for several days without improvement, it’s important to see a doctor. Untreated typhoid can sometimes cause intestinal bleeding or ulcers, which require urgent care.


General discomfort and body aches

Many people with typhoid report a general feeling of being unwell. This includes body aches, joint pain, and a sense of heaviness or malaise throughout the body. These symptoms occur because the immune system releases inflammatory chemicals to fight the infection, which can also affect muscles and joints.

Although body aches are common with many infections, their persistence, especially when combined with fever, fatigue, or abdominal discomfort, should not be ignored. Early diagnosis helps prevent complications and speeds up recovery.


How to prevent typhoid: Essential hygiene and food safety tips

Prevention remains the best strategy against typhoid. The infection spreads through contaminated food and water, so practising good hygiene is essential:

• Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap before eating or cooking and after using the toilet.
• Drink only purified or bottled water, especially when travelling or during monsoon seasons.
• Avoid consuming raw or undercooked food from roadside vendors.
• Clean fruits and vegetables well before eating.
• Ensure cooking utensils and dishes are washed with disinfectant or hot water.
• People diagnosed with typhoid should avoid preparing food for others until fully recovered.

By staying aware of early symptoms like prolonged fever, abdominal discomfort, headache, and fatigue, you can protect yourself and your loved ones. Typhoid prevention starts with good hygiene, clean water, and timely treatment, simple steps that can save lives.


Disclaimer: This article is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider regarding any medical condition or lifestyle change.


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